Biology Course by Khushboo kumari
The Biology syllabus for Class 11 and 12 is comprehensive, moving from the basic diversity of life to complex human systems and modern biotechnology. Below is a structured breakdown of the core units and chapters typically followed by the NCERT/CBSE curriculum.
Class 11 Biology: Foundations of Life
Class 11 focuses on the structural and functional aspects of organisms, providing the groundwork for biological sciences.
Unit 1: Diversity in the Living World
The Living World: Definition of life, taxonomical categories, and aids.
Biological Classification: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Viruse, and Lichens.
Plant Kingdom: Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms.
Animal Kingdom: Classification of non-chordates and chordates.
Unit 2: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants
Morphology of Flowering Plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence, flower, fruit, and seed.
Anatomy of Flowering Plants: Tissues (meristematic/permanent) and tissue systems.
Structural Organisation in Animals: Animal tissues and morphology/anatomy of an insect (Cockroach).
Unit 3: Cell: Structure and Functions
Cell: The Unit of Life: Cell theory, prokaryotic/eukaryotic cells, and organelles.
Biomolecules: Chemical constituents of living cells, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
Cell Cycle and Cell Division: Cell cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis.
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Unit 4: Plant Physiology
Photosynthesis in Higher Plants: Photochemical and biosynthetic phases, cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation.
Respiration in Plants: Glycolysis, fermentation, TCA cycle, and electron transport system.
Plant Growth and Development: Growth regulators (Auxin, Gibberellin, Cytokinin, Ethylene, ABA).
Unit 5: Human Physiology
Breathing and Exchange of Gases: Respiratory organs and mechanism of breathing.
Body Fluids and Circulation: Blood, lymph, and the human circulatory system.
Excretory Products and Their Elimination: Urine formation, osmoregulation, and kidney function.
Locomotion and Movement: Skeletal system, joints, and mechanism of muscle contraction.
Neural Control and Coordination: Neuron, central nervous system, and sensory perception.
Chemical Coordination and Integration: Endocrine glands and hormones.
Class 12 Biology: Applied Life Sciences
Class 12 shifts toward reproduction, genetics, and the interaction between humans and the environment.
Unit 6: Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants: Pollination, fertilization, and seed development.
Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems, gametogenesis, and pregnancy.
Reproductive Health: Birth control, STDs, and infertility treatments (IVF, ART).
Unit 7: Genetics and Evolution
Principles of Inheritance and Variation: Mendelian inheritance, sex determination, and genetic disorders.
Molecular Basis of Inheritance: DNA, RNA, replication, transcription, and translation.
Evolution: Origin of life, biological evolution, and evidence for evolution.
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Unit 8: Biology in Human Welfare
Human Health and Diseases: Pathogens, immunity, AIDS, cancer, and drug abuse.
Microbes in Human Welfare: Microbes in household products, industrial production, and sewage treatment.
Unit 9: Biotechnology
Biotechnology - Principles and Processes: Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).
Biotechnology and its Applications: Applications in health (insulin, gene therapy) and agriculture (Bt crops).
Unit 10: Ecology and Environment
Organisms and Populations: Population interactions (mutualism, competition, etc.).
Ecosystem: Energy flow, decomposition, and ecological pyramids.
Biodiversity and its Conservation: Importance, patterns, and conservation strategies.
Class 12 Biology: Applied Life Sciences
Class 12 shifts toward reproduction, genetics, and the interaction between humans and the environment.
Unit 6: Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants: Pollination, fertilization, and seed development.
Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems, gametogenesis, and pregnancy.
Reproductive Health: Birth control, STDs, and infertility treatments (IVF, ART).
Unit 7: Genetics and Evolution
Principles of Inheritance and Variation: Mendelian inheritance, sex determination, and genetic disorders.
Molecular Basis of Inheritance: DNA, RNA, replication, transcription, and translation.
Evolution: Origin of life, biological evolution, and evidence for evolution